Diskuze v psychologii - Ahead of Print

Diskuze v psychologii X:X | DOI: 10.5507/dvp.2026.003

Compulsive Exercise: Relationships with Personality Traits and Implications on Mental Health

Jiří Svoboda
Katedra psychologie FF UP, Křížkovského 10, 779 00 Olomouc, Česká republika

Compulsive exercise (CE) represents a complex phenomenon characterized by rigid adherence to exercise regimens, the prioritization of physical activity over other areas of life, and pronounced psychological manifestations such as feelings of guilt, anxiety, and obsessive thoughts. This article focuses on the multidimensional nature of compulsive exercise, its behavioral and affective components, and, in particular, its associations with personality traits such as perfectionism, neuroticism, narcissism, low self-esteem, and obsessive-compulsive tendencies. Furthermore, the comorbidity with mental disorders-especially eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, and anxiety-depressive disorders-is discussed.

Keywords: compulsive exercise, personality traits, mental disorders, eating disorders

Received: October 22, 2025; Revised: April 13, 2026; Accepted: April 14, 2026; Prepublished online: April 28, 2026 

Download citation

References

  1. Albrecht, U., Kirschner, N. E., & Grüsser, S. M. (2007). Diagnostic instruments for behavioural addiction: an overview. GMS Psycho-Social Medicine, 4, Doc11.
  2. American Psychological Association. (2019). Publication manual of the american psychological association,(2020). American Psychological Association, 428.
  3. Bills, E., Muir, S. R., Stackpole, R., & Egan, S. J. (2025). Perfectionism and compulsive exercise: a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 30(1), 5. Go to original source...
  4. Bottoms, L., Prat Pons, M., Fineberg, N. A., Pellegrini, L., Fox, O., Wellsted, D., ... & Laws, K. R. (2023). Effects of exercise on obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 27(3), 232-242. Go to original source...
  5. Bratland-Sanda, S., Schmidt, S. K., Reinboth, M. S., & Vrabel, K. A. (2022). Under pressure to exercise: A cross-sectional study of characteristics and predictors of compulsive exercise in early adolescents. Journal of eating disorders, 10(1), 156. Go to original source...
  6. Çakin, G., Juwono, I. D., Potenza, M. N., & Szabo, A. (2021). Exercise addiction and perfectionism: A systematic review of the literature. Current Addiction Reports, 8(1), 144-155. Go to original source...
  7. Ceci, F., Di Carlo, F., Burkauskas, J., Salone, A., De Luca, I., Cicconcelli, D., ... & Corazza, O. (2023). Physical activity and exercise addiction during the Covid-19 pandemic in Italy. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 21(6), 3678-3698. Go to original source...
  8. Cosh, S. M., Eshkevari, E., McNeil, D. G., & Tully, P. J. (2023). Classifying excessive exercise: Examining the relationship between compulsive exercise with obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms and disordered eating symptoms. European Eating Disorders Review, 31(6), 769-780. Go to original source...
  9. Cosh, S. M., McNeil, D. G., & Tully, P. J. (2023). Compulsive exercise and its relationship with mental health and psychosocial wellbeing in recreational exercisers and athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 26(7), 338-344. Go to original source...
  10. Cresswell, C., Watson, H. J., Jones, E., Howell, J. A., & Egan, S. J. (2022). The role of compulsive exercise in the relationship between perfectionism and eating disorder pathology in underweight adolescents with eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 47, 101683. Go to original source...
  11. Cuesta-Zamora, C., Parra, M., Toledano-González, A., Ricarte, J., & Plateau, C. R. (2022). Exploring the link between self-compassion and compulsive exercise amongst women. Mindfulness, 13(7), 1679-1691. Go to original source...
  12. Cuesta-Zamora, C., Ricarte, J. J., Ros, L., Latorre, J. M., & Plateau, C. (2023). The role of intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety on compulsive exercise in adolescents. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 36(5), 649-660. Go to original source...
  13. Daley, A. J., & Duda, J. L. (2006). Self-determination, stage of readiness to change for exercise, and frequency of physical activity in young people. European Journal of sport science, 6(4), 231-243. Go to original source...
  14. Edlund, K., Johansson, F., Lindroth, R., Bergman, L., Sundberg, T., & Skillgate, E. (2022). Body image and compulsive exercise: are there associations with depression among university students?. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 27(7), 2397-2405. Go to original source...
  15. Edmunds, J., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. L. (2006). Examining exercise dependence symptomatology from a self-determination perspective. Journal of health psychology, 11(6), 887-903. Go to original source...
  16. Fioravanti, G., Scappini, A., Piselli, S., Spada, M. M., & Casale, S. (2023). Assessing metacognitions in compulsive exercising: The construction and evaluation of the Metacognitions about Exercise Questionnaire. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 41(4), 880-901. Go to original source...
  17. Flett, G. L., Besser, A., Davis, R. A., & Hewitt, P. L. (2003). Dimensions of perfectionism, unconditional self-acceptance, and depression. Journal of rational-emotive and cognitive-behavior therapy, 21, 119-138. Go to original source...
  18. Forsén Mantilla, E., Clinton, D., Monell, E., Levallius, J., & Birgegård, A. (2022). Impulsivity and compulsivity as parallel mediators of emotion dysregulation in eating-related addictive-like behaviors, alcohol use, and compulsive exercise. Brain and behavior, 12(1), e2458. Go to original source...
  19. Freimuth, M., Moniz, S., & Kim, S. R. (2011). Clarifying exercise addiction: Differential diagnosis, co-occurring disorders, and phases of addiction. International journal of environmental research and public health, 8(10), 4069-4081. Go to original source...
  20. Ganson, K. T., Mitchison, D., Rodgers, R. F., Cunningham, M. L., Murray, S. B., & Nagata, J. M. (2022). Compulsive exercise among college students: 5-year time trends in prevalence and demographic, substance use, and mental health correlates. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 27(2), 717-728. Go to original source...
  21. Gauld, C., Francou, C., Millet, G. Y., Kern, L., & Gergelé, L. (2024). A symptom network analysis of exercise addiction and personality on ultra-marathon runners with serious complications. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 22(7), 1625-1639. Go to original source...
  22. Giancola, M., Vinciguerra, M. G., & D'Amico, S. (2025). Narcissism and the risk of exercise addiction in youth: the impact of problematic social media use and fitspiration exposure. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22(4), 456-477. Go to original source...
  23. Godoy-Izquierdo, D., Ramírez, M. J., Díaz, I., & López-Mora, C. (2023). A systematic review on exercise addiction and the disordered eating-eating disorders continuum in the competitive sport context. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 21(1), 529561. Go to original source...
  24. González-Hernández, J., Baños, R., Morquecho-Sánchez, R., Pineda-Espejel, H. A., & Chamorro, J. L. (2023). Perfectionism patterns, dark personality, and exercise addiction trend in high-intensity sports. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 21(1), 308-320. Go to original source...
  25. Granziol, U., Griffiths, M. D., Zou, L., Yang, P., Herschel, H. K., Junker, A., ... & Szabo, A. (2024). The Expanded Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI-3): Towards reliable and international screening of exercise-related dysfunction. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 22(6), 3559-3585. Go to original source...
  26. Grieve, F. G. (2007). A Conceptual Model of Factors Contributing to the Development of Muscle Dysmorphia. Eating Disorders, 15(1), 63-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260601044535 Go to original source...
  27. Griffiths, M. D., Szabo, A., & Terry, A. (2005). The exercise addiction inventory: a quick and easy screening tool for health practitioners. British journal of sports medicine, 39(6), e30-e30. Go to original source...
  28. Hallward, L., Di Marino, A., & Duncan, L. R. (2022). A systematic review of treatment approaches for compulsive exercise among individuals with eating disorders. Eating Disorders, 30(4), 411-436. Go to original source...
  29. Harris, A., Mannan, H., Hay, P., Aouad, P., Arcelus, J., Attia, E., ... & Touyz, S. (2024). Assessment and treatment of compulsive exercise in anorexia nervosa-a combined investigation of compulsive exercise activity therapy (LEAP) and compulsive exercise test subscales. Eating Behaviors, 52, 101825. Go to original source...
  30. Hausenblas, H. A., & Downs, D. S. (2002). Exercise dependence: A systematic review. Psychology of sport and exercise, 3(2), 89-123. Go to original source...
  31. Hausenblas, H. A., & Giacobbi Jr, P. R. (2004). Relationship between exercise dependence symptoms and personality. Personality and Individual differences, 36(6), 1265-1273. Go to original source...
  32. Hill, A. P., Robson, S. J., & Stamp, G. M. (2015). The predictive ability of perfectionistic traits and self-presentational styles in relation to exercise dependence. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 176-183. Go to original source...
  33. Iannaccone, M., Cella, S., Manzi, S. A., Visconti, L., Manzi, F., & Cotrufo, P. (2013). My body and me: self-injurious behaviors and body modifications in eating disorders-preliminary results. Eating Disorders, 21(2), 130-139. Go to original source...
  34. Ingledew, D. K., Markland, D., & Sheppard, K. E. (2004). Personality and self-determination of exercise behaviour. Personality and individual differences, 36(8), 1921-1932. Go to original source...
  35. Juwono, I. D., Tolnai, N., & Szabo, A. (2022). Exercise addiction in athletes: a systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(5), 3113-3127. Go to original source...
  36. Khanzadeh, M., Abolghasemi, S., Jafari, T., & Saadatbin Javaheri, F. (2024). The Relationship between Neuroticism and Binge Eating Symptoms in Women: The Mediating Role of Body Image Concern and the Moderating Role of Body Appreciation. Journal of Psychological Studies, 20(2), 37-52.
  37. Klimek-Johnson, P. (2022). Better understanding change processes and mechanisms: A commentary on "treatment of compulsive exercise in eating disorders and muscle dysmorphia: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
  38. Król, T., Wojtyna, E., Hyla, M., Michalik, P., & Michalski, T. (2022). The dark side of sport training. Self-esteem, narcissism and exercise addiction in women's CrossFit training. European Review of Applied Psychology, 72(5), 100814. Go to original source...
  39. Laynes, I. A., Fagundes, M. G., Barbosa, G. M., de Souza, M. C., & Júnior, I. L. (2022). Exercise dependence, body dismorphia, and anxiety in crossfit practitioners: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 32, 77-81. Go to original source...
  40. Levallius, J., Collin, C., & Birgegård, A. (2017). Now you see it, Now you don't: compulsive exercise in adolescents with an eating disorder. Journal of eating disorders, 5, 1-9. Go to original source...
  41. Lichtenstein, M. B., Hinze, C. J., Emborg, B., Thomsen, F., & Hemmingsen, S. D. (2017). Compulsive exercise: links, risks and challenges faced. Psychology research and behavior management, 85-95. Go to original source...
  42. López, A. N., Salguero, A., Molinero, O., Rosado, A., & Márquez, S. (2022). Exercise addiction in competitive amateur runners. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(4), 2134-2150. Go to original source...
  43. Martenstyn, J. A., Aouad, P., Touyz, S., & Maguire, S. (2022). Treatment of compulsive exercise in eating disorders and muscle dysmorphia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 29(2), 143. Go to original source...
  44. Martin, S. J., & Racine, S. E. (2017). Personality traits and appearance-ideal internalization: Differential associations with body dissatisfaction and compulsive exercise. Eating Behaviors, 27, 39-44. Go to original source...
  45. Minutillo, A., Di Trana, A., Aquilina, V., Ciancio, G. M., Berretta, P., & La Maida, N. (2024). Recent insights in the correlation between social media use, personality traits and exercise addiction: a literature review. Frontiers in psychiatry, 15, 1392317. Go to original source...
  46. Morgan, W. P. (1979). Negative addiction in runners. The Physician and sportsmedicine, 7(2), 55-77. Go to original source...
  47. Noetel, M., Dawson, L., Hay, P., & Touyz, S. (2017). The assessment and treatment of unhealthy exercise in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a Delphi study to synthesize clinical knowledge. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(4), 378-388. Go to original source...
  48. Palermo, M., & Rancourt, D. (2023). Anxiety, body dissatisfaction, and exercise identity: Differentiating between adaptive and compulsive exercise. Eating Behaviors, 49, 101755. Go to original source...
  49. Patterson, M. S., Spadine, M. N., Graves Boswell, T., Prochnow, T., Amo, C., Francis, A. N., ... & Heinrich, K. M. (2022). Exercise in the treatment of addiction: a systematic literature review. Health Education & Behavior, 49(5), 801-819. Go to original source...
  50. Pike, C., Taylor, A. M., & Cosh, S. (2022). Compulsive exercise, exercise identity, and coping styles. Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie.
  51. Piko, B. F., Berki, T. L., Kun, O., & Mellor, D. (2025). Eating attitudes, body appreciation, perfectionism, and the risk of exercise addiction in physically active adults: a cluster analysis. Nutrients, 17(13), 2063. Go to original source...
  52. Reinboth, M. S., Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Bratland-Sanda, S. (2022). Exercise dependence and body image concerns amongst group fitness instructors: A self-determination theory approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 816287. Go to original source...
  53. Remilly, M., Mauvieux, B., & Drigny, J. (2023). Personality traits associated with the risk of exercise dependence in ultraendurance athletes: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1042. Go to original source...
  54. Reynolds, K. A., Plateau, C. R., & Haycraft, E. (2023). Sociocultural influences on compulsive exercise in Young people: a systematic review. Adolescent Research Review, 8(2), 179-194. Go to original source...
  55. Ruiz-Turrero, J., Massar, K., Kwasnicka, D., & Ten Hoor, G. A. (2022). The relationship between compulsive exercise, self-esteem, body image and body satisfaction in women: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1857. Go to original source...
  56. Schüler, J., Stähler, J., & Wolff, W. (2023). Mind-over-body beliefs in sport and exercise: A driving force for training volume and performance, but with risks for exercise addiction. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 68, 102462. Go to original source...
  57. Sicilia, Á., Alcaraz-Ibáñez, M., Paterna, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022). A review of the components of problematic exercise in psychometric assessment instruments. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 839902. Go to original source...
  58. Smith, A. R., Fink, E. L., Anestis, M. D., Ribeiro, J. D., Gordon, K. H., Davis, H., ... & Joiner Jr, T. E. (2013). Exercise caution: over-exercise is associated with suicidality among individuals with disordered eating. Psychiatry research, 206(2-3), 246-255. Go to original source...
  59. Szabo, A. (2025). Chasing a phantom dysfunction: A position paper on current methods in exercise addiction research. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 23(6), 4600-4611. Go to original source...
  60. Szabo, A., Demetrovics, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Morbid exercise behavior: addiction or psychological escape?. In The exercise effect on mental health (pp. 277-311). CRC Press. Go to original source...
  61. Tang, C. S. K., Gan, K. Q., & Lui, W. K. (2023). The associations between obsessive compulsive personality traits, self-efficacy, and exercise addiction. Behavioral Sciences, 13(10), 857. Go to original source...
  62. Uriegas, N. A., Moore, K., & Torres-McGehee, T. M. (2023). Prevalence and association of exercise dependence and eating disorder risk in collegiate student-athletes. Journal of athletic training, 58(10), 813-820. Go to original source...
  63. Vansteene, C., Kaya Lefèvre, H., & Gorwood, P. (2022). Time devoted to individual, collective, and two-person sports: Its association with risk of exercise addiction and alcohol use disorder. European addiction research, 28(1), 1-11. Go to original source...
  64. Vasiliu, O. (2023). At the crossroads between eating disorders and body dysmorphic disorders-the case of bigorexia nervosa. Brain sciences, 13(9), 1234. Go to original source...
  65. Vrabel, K. R., & Bratland-Sanda, S. (2024). Effects of inpatient treatment on compulsive exercise in adults with longstanding eating disorders: Secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial with 12-month follow-up. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 57(2), 437-449. Go to original source...
  66. Weinstein, A., & Szabo, A. (2023). Exercise addiction: A narrative overview of research issues. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 25(1), 1-13. Go to original source...
  67. Yang, P., Wang, T., Herold, F., Müller, N. G., Taylor, A., Szabo, A., ... & Zou, L. (2022). Relationships between personality traits and disordered eating among Chinese female exercisers: the role of symptoms of exercise dependence and obsessive-compulsiveness. Journal of eating disorders, 10(1), 169. Go to original source...
  68. Young, S., Touyz, S., Meyer, C., Arcelus, J., Rhodes, P., Madden, S., ... & Hay, P. (2018). Relationships between compulsive exercise, quality of life, psychological distress and motivation to change in adults with anorexia nervosa. Journal of eating disorders, 6, 1-8. Go to original source...
  69. Zeigler-Hill, V., Besser, A., Gabay, M., & Young, G. (2021). Narcissism and exercise addiction: the mediating roles of exercise-related motives. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(8), 4243. Go to original source...

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.